[66] Second, even though he later moved his capital from Thebes to Akhetaten, his initial royal titulary honored Thebes – his nomen was "Amenhotep, god-ruler of Thebes" – and recognizing its importance, he called the city "Southern Heliopolis, the first great (seat) of Re (or) the Disc." Once Amun had been recognized as the true king, the political power of the earthly rulers could be reduced to a minimum. In the fifth year of his reign, he moved the royal residence from Thebes to a new site in Middle Egypt, Akhetaten (“the horizon of Aten,” present-day Tell el-Amarna), and there ordered lavish temples to be built for Aten. The pharaoh "disbanded the priesthoods of all the other gods ... and diverted the income from these [other] cults to support the Aten." [167] During the Amarna period, however, royal and religious texts and inscriptions, including the boundary stelae at Akhetaten or the Amarna letters, started to regularly include more vernacular linguistic elements, such as the definite article or a new possessive form. [188][189] This emphasized the changes encouraged by the new regime, which included a ban on images, with the exception of a rayed solar disc, in which the rays appear to represent the unseen spirit of Aten, who by then was evidently considered not merely a sun god, but rather a universal deity. Akhenaten, also spelled Akhenaton, Akhnaton, or Ikhnaton, also called Amenhotep IV, Greek Amenophis, king (1353–36 bce) of ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty, who established a new cult dedicated to the Aton, the sun’s disk (hence his assumed name, Akhenaten, meaning “beneficial to Aton”). When he had sought out the gods' precincts which were in ruins in this land, he refounded them just as they had been since the time of the first primeval age. Akhenaten is sometimes called the world's first monotheist. [117], Egyptologists know little about the last five years of Akhenaten's reign, beginning in c. 1341[3] or 1339 BC. Akhenaten (pronounced:ˌɑːkəˈnɑːtən;1 often also spelled Echnaton, Akhnaton, or rarely Ikhnaton; meaning Effective spirit of Aten) was known before the fifth year of his reign as Amenhotep IV (sometimes given its Greek form, Amenophis IV, and meaning Amun is Satisfied), a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, ruled for 17 years and died in 1336 BCE or 1334 BCE. [218] However, Akhenaten's portrayals are unconventional and "unflattering" with a sagging stomach; broad hips; thin legs; thick thighs; large, "almost feminine breasts;" a thin, "exaggeratedly long face;" and thick lips. [192] Aten's name was also written differently starting as early as Year Eight or as late as Year Fourteen, according to some historians. Egyptologists hold this view because Yuya had strong connections to the city of Akhmin in Upper Egypt. [18] Furthermore, in 1907, a mummy that could be Akhenaten's was unearthed from the tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings by Edward R. Ayrton. Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun in Year 2 of his reign (c. 1332 BC) and abandoned the city of Akhetaten. [94], The Amarna letters portray the international situation in the Eastern Mediterranean that Akhenaten inherited from his predecessors. vv. [128] Regardless of its origin, the epidemic might account for several deaths in the royal family that occurred in the last five years of Akhenaten's reign, including those of his daughters Meketaten, Neferneferure, and Setepenre. Behold, I, the king, am speaking so that I might inform you concerning the appearances of the gods. On situe son règne entre -1355/-1353 à -1338/-1337. "[83], Historians do not know for certain why Akhenaten established a new capital and left Thebes, the old capital. [162] The gods replaced the pharaoh as their own representatives on Earth. Akhenaten also had four or five sisters: Sitamun, Henuttaneb, Iset, Nebetah, and possibly Beketaten. Here the evidence is particularly impressive, since we have six parallels with Akhenaten's hymn... occurring in the identical order, with one exception. Thus, before the 1920s, Akhenaten had appeared as "a ghost, a spectral figure" in art, while since he has become realistic, "material and tangible. Akhenaten wearied of Rib-Hadda's constant correspondences and once told Rib-Hadda: "You are the one that writes to me more than all the (other) mayors" or Egyptian vassals in EA 124. The new Aten temples had no roof and the god was thus worshipped in the sunlight, under the open sky, rather than in dark temple enclosures as had been the previous custom. [219], Based on Akhenaten's and his family's unusual artistic representations, including potential depictions of gynecomastia and androgyny, some have argued that the pharaoh and his family have either suffered from aromatase excess syndrome and sagittal craniosynostosis syndrome, or Antley–Bixler syndrome. "[200] The hymn also states that Akhenaten is the only intermediary between the god and Egyptians, and the only one who can understand the Aten: "You are in my heart, and there is none who knows you except your son. However it would seem that there was certain evidence of Asiatic components mixing with those of ancient egyptian. [127] Alternatively, letters from the Hattians might suggest that the epidemic originated in Egypt and was carried throughout the Middle East by Egyptian prisoners of war. Amenhotep III aimed to maintain the balance of power through marriages – such as his marriage to Tadukhipa, daughter of the Mitanni king Tushratta – and vassal states. Proposed identification with biblical Joseph. [180][181][182] In his speech, Akhenaten said: The temples of the gods fallen to ruin, their bodies do not endure. "[110][111][112], Other Egyptologists suggested that Akhenaten could have waged war in Syria or the Levant, possibly against the Hittites. [222], Depictions of other members of the court, especially members of the royal family, are also exaggerated, stylized, and overall different from traditional art. Meketaten's death, at perhaps age ten to twelve, is recorded in the royal tombs at Akhetaten from around regnal years thirteen or fourteen. [138][139] This tomb was later desecrated, likely during the Ramesside period. joe-71 Découvert en concert, énorme musicalement, thématiquement ET scéniquement. [174] The god was only "unique but not exclusive. MORE: Akhenaten and Akhetaten | Monotheism Akhenaten as Despotic Ruler Consensus of the Chronology of Events in Egypt Hatshetsut and Moses The Naming of Joseph / The Funerary Art Hebrew Migrations The Ezekiel Temple and the Amarna Temple In releasing their test results, Hawass' team identified the mummy as the father of Tutankhamun and thus "most probably" Akhenaten. [197][198] The hymn celebrates the sun and daylight and recounts the dangers that abound when the sun sets. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for. In this movie, Akhenaten, portrayed by Michael Wilding, appears to represent Jesus Christ and his followers early Christians. They are either a Bildungsroman, focusing on Akhenaten's psychological and moral growth as it relates to establishing Atenism and Akhetaten, as well as his struggles against the Theban Amun cult. Before the Amarna period, the pharaoh was the representative of the gods on Earth, the son of the god Ra, and the living incarnation of the god Horus, and maintained the divine order through rituals and offerings and by sustaining the temples of the gods. Perhaps the children of Userkaf adopted some of their mothers components, which led to sympathies towards Canaan from some well to do Egyptians, which allowed them to ally themselves with Canaan later on in history, during the Hyksos. Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. [255] A dividing line also exists between depictions of Akhenaten from before the 1920s and since, when more and more archeological discoveries started to provide artists with material evidence about his life and times. I would however like to have known the name of that Chieftain that led 70 Canaanites to Userkaf. Egypt's expansion led to confrontation with the Mitanni, but this rivalry ended with the two nations becoming allies. [84][85][86], Akhetaten was a planned city with the Great Temple of the Aten, Small Aten Temple, royal residences, records office, and government buildings in the city center. Others hold that, since these grandchildren are not attested to elsewhere, they are fictions invented to fill the space originally portraying Kiya's child. Genetic testing has determined that the man buried in KV55 was Tutankhamun's father,[19] but its identification as Akhenaten has since been questioned.[6][7][20][21][22]. Because of Joseph's position and his achievements,. [193] From "Living Re-Horakhty, who rejoices in the horizon in his name Shu-Re who is in Aten," the god's name changed to "Living Re, ruler of the horizon, who rejoices in his name of Re the father who has returned as Aten," removing the Aten's connection to Re-Horakhty and Shu, two other solar deities. "[241] James Henry Breasted likened him to Jesus,[242] Arthur Weigall saw him as a failed precursor of Christ and Thomas Mann saw him "as right on the way and yet not the right one for the way". Evidence suggests that the troubles on the northern frontier led to difficulties in Canaan, particularly in a struggle for power between Labaya of Shechem and Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem, which required the pharaoh to intervene in the area by dispatching Medjay troops northwards. Google “tempest stela” to read some very interesting stuff! [99] What Rib-Hadda did not comprehend was that the Egyptian king would not organize and dispatch an entire army north just to preserve the political status quo of several minor city states on the fringes of Egypt's Asiatic Empire. Israel and his entire house of 70,[46] gathered up with all their livestock and began their journey to Egypt. [124], Following year twelve, Donald B. Redford and other Egyptologists proposed that Egypt was struck by an epidemic, most likely a plague. Because no husband is known for Meketaten, the assumption had been that Akhenaten was the father. The future Akhenaten was born Amenhotep, a younger son of pharaoh Amenhotep III and his principal wife Tiye. Donald B. Redford has noted that some have viewed Akhenaten as a harbinger of Jesus. [205][222] Akhenaten was made to look androgynous in artwork as a symbol of the androgyny of the Aten. Period: New Kingdom, Amarna Period. [119][120][121] The inscription is dated to Year 16, month 3 of Akhet, day 15 of the reign of Akhenaten. [244], The unconventional portrayals of Akhenaten—different from the traditional athletic norm in the portrayal of pharaohs—have led Egyptologists in the 19th and 20th centuries to suppose that Akhenaten suffered some kind of genetic abnormality. The revised inscriptions list a Meritaten-tasherit ("junior") and an Ankhesenpaaten-tasherit. [34] Among his six daughters, Meritaten was born in regnal year one or five; Meketaten in year four or six; Ankhesenpaaten, later queen of Tutankhamun, before year five or eight; Neferneferuaten Tasherit in year eight or nine; Neferneferure in year nine or ten; and Setepenre in year ten or eleven. "[113][114][115] John Coleman Darnell and Colleen Manassa also argued that Akhenaten fought with the Hittites for control of Kadesh, but was unsuccessful; the city was not recaptured until 60–70 years later, under Seti I. Hoffmeier 2005, p. 239: "...There has been some debate whether the similarities direct or indirect borrowing... it is unlikely that "the Israelite who composed Psalm 104 borrowed directly from the sublime Egyptian 'Hymn to the Aten'," as Stager has recently claimed. Is this correct? [160] Akhenaten, however, banned the worship of gods beside the Aten, including through festivals. A successful Hittite attack on Mitanni and its ruler Tushratta would have disrupted the entire international balance of power in the Ancient Middle East at a time when Egypt had made peace with Mitanni; this would cause some of Egypt's vassals to switch their allegiances to the Hittites, as time would prove. However, Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychotherapy, wrote a book 'Moses and Monotheism', in which he claims that Moses was the pharaoh Akhenaten. [14] Traditional religious practice was gradually restored, notably under his close successor Tutankhamun, who changed his name from Tutankhaten early in his reign. All of them have stopped, except the god who gave birth to himself. [195], Akhenaten's Atenist beliefs are best distilled in the Great Hymn to the Aten. 20–30) is dependent on... Akhenaten's Hymn to the Sun god Aten... these parallels almost all come in the same order:..."; Day 2013, pp. "J'ai Pas De Face" contient un scratch de "Pendez-les, bandez-les, descendez-les", interprété par X-Men , extrait de la compilation " Hostile Hip-Hop " avec l'aimable autorisation de [l=Hostile Records]. 223–224: "...this dependence is confined to vv. It tells of the Aten as a sole god and the creator of all life, who recreates life every day at sunrise, and on whom everything on Earth depends, including the natural world, people's lives, and even trade and commerce. [215] Significantly, and for the only time in the history of Egyptian royal art, the pharaoh's family life is depicted: the royal family is shown mid-action in relaxed, casual, and intimate situations, taking part in decidedly naturalistic activities, showing affection for each other, such as holding hands and kissing. [179] Meanwhile, the Aten was becoming a king itself. Artists started to depict him with the trappings of pharaos, placing his name in cartouches—a rare, but not unique occurrence, as the names of Ra-Horakhty and Amun-Ra had also been found enclosed in cartouches—and wearing a uraeus, a symbol of kingship. Photos from the book by Theodore Davis et.al. [208][209], Over time, however, Akhenaten's successors, starting with Tutankhaten, took steps to distance themselves from Atenism. Others contend that he was born at Memphis, where growing up he was influenced by the worship of the sun god Ra practiced at nearby Heliopolis. It was most likely moved to tomb KV55 in Valley of the Kings near Thebes. Regardless of the celebration's aim, Egyptologists believe that during the festivities Amenhotep IV only made offerings to the Aten rather than the many gods and goddesses, as was customary. [89][90] By regnal year eight, Akhetaten reached a state where it could be occupied by the royal family. For instance, Norman de Garis Davies praised Akhenaten's emphasis on diplomacy over war, while James Baikie said that the fact "that there is no evidence of revolt within the borders of Egypt itself during the whole reign is surely ample proof that there was no such abandonment of his royal duties on the part of Akhenaten as has been assumed. Also excavation reports from Avaris have presented evidence of people living there with Semitic traditions. [12][13] This culture shift away from traditional religion was not widely accepted. [33], Akhenaten could have had seven or eight children based on inscriptions. But these imaginary creatures are now fading away as the historical reality gradually emerges. Akhenaten's rediscovery and Flinders Petrie's early excavations at Amarna sparked great public interest in the pharaoh and his queen Nefertiti. [125] Contemporary evidence suggests that a plague ravaged through the Middle East around this time,[126] and ambassadors and delegations arriving to Akhenaten's year twelve reception might have brought the disease to Egypt. "[136] In the years following the burial, Akhenaten's sarcophagus was destroyed and left in the Akhetaten necropolis; reconstructed in the 20th century, it is in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo as of 2019. Jan Assmann's opinion is that 'Aten' and 'Adonai' are not linguistically related. [163] According to van Dijk, "the king was no longer a god, but god himself had become king. [85][87][88], The city was built quickly, thanks to a new construction method that used substantially smaller building blocks than under previous pharaohs. Cyril Aldred, based on Amarna letters describing Egyptian troop movements, proposed that Akhenaten launched an unsuccessful war around the city of Gezer, while Marc Gabolde argued for an unsuccessful campaign around Kadesh. [206] Atenism likely stayed dominant through the reigns of Akhenaten's immediate successors, Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten, as well as early in the reign of Tutankhaten. Though i have no proof that the story in the bible is connected with what is written on Egyptian stele's. [222][205] Because the god Aten was referred to as "the mother and father of all humankind," Montserrat and others suggest that Akhenaten was made to look androgynous in artwork as a symbol of the androgyny of the Aten. National Geographic 09. [46][47] In Akhenaten's case, his oldest daughter Meritaten is recorded as Great Royal Wife to Smenkhkare but is also listed on a box from Tutankhamun's tomb alongside pharaohs Akhenaten and Neferneferuaten as Great Royal Wife. [118] Among the newest pieces of evidence is an inscription discovered in 2012 at a limestone quarry in Deir el-Bersha, just north of Akhetaten, from the pharaoh's sixteenth regnal year. "[210] Additionally, Tutankhamun's building projects at Thebes and Karnak used talatat's from Akhenaten's buildings, which implies that Tutankhamun might have started to demolish temples dedicated to the Aten. About a month later, day thirteen of the growing season's fourth month, one of the boundary stela at Akhetaten already had the name Akhenaten carved on it, implying that the pharaoh changed his name between the two inscriptions. Akhenaten joseph. Speaking to the royal court, scribes or the people, Amenhotep IV said that the gods were ineffective and had ceased their movements, and that their temples had collapsed. [202] Certainly, as time drew on, he revised the names of the Aten, and other religious language, to increasingly exclude references to other gods; at some point, also, he embarked on the wide-scale erasure of traditional gods' names, especially those of Amun. Yuya held the title "Overseer of the Cattle of Min at Akhmin" during his life. Third, Amenhotep IV did not yet destroy temples to the other gods and he even continued his father's construction projects at Karnak's Precinct of Amun-Re. Et on l’oublie aussi en prison… Joseph croupi ainsi deux ans en prison, et la suite se trouve dans la parasha Miketz, telle que décrite plus haut. He ordered the construction of temples or shrines to the Aten in several cities across the country, such as Bubastis, Tell el-Borg, Heliopolis, Memphis, Nekhen, Kawa, and Kerma. Yet, even at Amarna itself, some courtiers kept such names as Ahmose ("child of the moon god", the owner of tomb 3), and the sculptor's workshop where the famous Nefertiti Bust and other works of royal portraiture were found is associated with an artist known to have been called Thutmose ("child of Thoth"). [6][7][149][150][151] For instance, the discussion of the study results does not discuss that Tutankhamun's father and the father's siblings would share some genetic markers; if Tutankhamun's father was Akhenaten, the DNA results could indicate that the mummy is a brother of Akhenaten, possibly Smenkhkare. Egyptologists are fairly certain about his six daughters, who are well attested in contemporary depictions. However, this is unlikely, because this disorder results in sterility and Akhenaten is known to have fathered numerous children. /*# sourceMappingURL=https://www.redditstatic.com/desktop2x/chunkCSS/ReredditLink.f7b66a91705891e84a09.css.map*/. [137] Despite leaving the sarcophagus behind, Akhenaten's mummy was removed from the royal tombs after Tutankhamun abandoned Akhetaten and returned to Thebes. And he also has a chieftain escort 70 Canaanite women to him. Others speculate that Amenhotep IV chose to hold his festival three years after his father's death, aiming to proclaim his rule a continuation of his father's reign. [101], In a view discounted by the 21st century,[102] several Egyptologists in the late 19th and 20th centuries interpretated the Amarna letters to mean that Akhenaten was a pacifist who neglected foreign policy and Egypt's foreign territories in favor of his internal reforms. How exalted they are. Inscriptions show tributes from Nubia, the Land of Punt, Syria, the Kingdom of Hattusa, the islands in the Mediterranean Sea, and Libya.
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