[57], The cathedral's external appearance has been described as austere,[119] ascetic,[120] unostentatious,[121] and as a "massive cube surmounted by a faceted cone on a simple cylinder. [38][J], By the last quarter of the fifth century the cathedral was dilapidated. It is commonly known as Ejmiatsin (also spelled Echmiadzin or Etchmiadzin, Էջմիածին, pronounced [ɛd͡ʒmjɑˈt͡sin]), which was its official name between 1945 and 1995. Since then the cathedral has undergone a number of renovations. Some day the Soviets will go, as all temporal governments do, but Etchmiadzin will stand. "[2] Decades later, in 1682, Catholicos Yeghiazar constructed smaller bell towers with red tufa turrets on the southern, eastern, and northern wings. The city was briefly revived between the 9th and 11th centuries under the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia, before being overrun by the Byzantines in 1045 and later by the Seljuks in 1064. [2][38] In 982 the cross of the cathedral was reportedly removed by an Arab emir. Vagharshapat is the largest satellite-city of Yerevan and the 4th largest in Armenia by population. [7] In 2003 the 1700th anniversary of the consecration of the cathedral was celebrated by the Armenian Church. [103] The dissident anti-Soviet Armenian diocese in the US wrote that "the great cathedral became a hollow monument. See tips for writing articles about magazines, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etchmiadzin_(magazine)&oldid=893154057, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 19 April 2019, at 11:17. [86][85] Tsitsianov's forces entered Etchmiadzin, which, according to Auguste Bontems-Lefort, a contemporary French military envoy to Persia, they looted, seriously damaging the Armenian religious buildings. The archaeological site is fully authentic, since it consists solely of excavated remains of 31 vanished structures. [M] This view was later supported by Alexander Sahinian and Varazdat Harutyunyan. [116] According to Mack Chahin the cathedral's building is of "immense architectural interest, especially because of the many alterations and additions that have been made to it since its foundation. ", Русская художественная литература и геноцид армян: - Page 244, Михаил Давидович Амирханян - 1988, Советская музыка - Issues 7–12 - Page 111, Рукописные сокровища Матенадарана - Page 7, Ашот Гарегини Абрахамян - 1959, Last edited on 27 September 2020, at 22:45, "Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin: Mother Cathedral: History", "Պատմաաշխարհագրական ակնարկ [Historical-geographic overview]", "Հոգևոր ավանդույթների ժառանգությունը (Պտղաբերության պաշտամունքից մինչև քրիստոնեություն) [Heritage of spiritual heritage (From fertility cult to Christianity)]", Armenian Evangelical Union of North America, "Eastern Liturgy in the West: The Case of Armenian Church", "Էջմիածնի կաթողիկոսության հիմնադրման քաղաքական և աստվածաբանական հանգամանքները [Theological and political circumstances of the foundation of the Etchmiadzin Catholicosate]", "The number of foreign tourists visiting Armenia expected to surge to one million", [https://books.google.com/books?id=ognCKztR8a4C&pg=PA39 39], "Feast of the Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin", "Տոն Կաթողիկե Սբ. However, the most prominent museums of Vagharshapat are located within the Mother See complex, including: The Mother See is also home to the Pontifical Bookstore operating since 1962, and the *Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Manuscript Depository opened in 2012. [38] In 1770, Simeon I established a publishing house near Etchmiadzin, the first in Armenia. The city has been called Vagharshapat for the most part of its history. "[a] The Feast of the Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin (Տոն Կաթողիկե Սբ. It is an artificial hill and has a diameter of 123 metres (404 feet) long. [35] A major pilgrimage site, it is one of the most visited places in the country. [38], The Russian Empire gradually penetrated Transcaucasia by the early 19th century. [2], Although the seat of the Catholicos was transferred to Dvin sometime in the 460s–470s[63] or 484,[64][65] the cathedral never lost its significance and remained "one of the greatest shrines of the Armenian Church. [1][38] Based on these findings, Sahinian asserted that the original church had been a three-naved[53] vaulted basilica,[1] similar to the basilicas of Tekor, Ashtarak and Aparan (Kasakh). Հայ Եկեղեցու կենտրոն Մայր Աթոռ Ս. Էջմիածնի հետ կապ հաստատելու համար: Catholicosate of All Armenians Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin 1101 VAGHARSHAPAT REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA. [7] Gulbenkian alone provided $400,000. At the end of 1918, there were about 70,000 refugees in the Etchmiadzin district. In his first book Wars of Justinian, the Byzantine historian Procopius has cited to the city as Valashabad (Balashabad), named after king Valash (Balash) of Armenia. [98], In December 1923, the southern apse of the cathedral collapsed. [33], In 387, Armenia was partitioned between the Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire. [133], In the 1950s, the stone floor was replaced with one of marble. In 1410, Armenia fell under the control of the Kara Koyunlu Shia Oghuz Turkic tribe. [115], Today, Etchmiadzin "has a cruciform plan with a central cupola, four free-standing piers, and four projecting apses which are semicircular on the interior and polygonal on the exterior. [H] The Kingdom of Armenia, under Tiridates III, became the first country in the world to adopt Christianity as a state religion in 301. [L] In the poem, which tells about the consequences of the Mongol and Mamluk invasions of Armenia and Cilicia, Orbelian portrays Etchmiadzin Cathedral "as a woman in mourning, contemplating her former splendor and exhorting her children to return to their homeland [...] and restore its glory. [38] Paul and Thecla are represented in conversation, Paul is shown seated on cross-legged stool. [27] The church was enlarged in many occasions, notably in 480, 618 and 1658. It is still commonly used colloquially and in official bureaucracy. [38] In 1770, Simeon I established a publishing house near Etchmiadzin, the first in Armenia. Isolated from the outside world, the cathedral barely continued to function and its administrators were reduced to some twenty people. Historically, the focal point of the town is the Mother Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin, (Armenian: Մայր Տաճար Սուրբ Էջմիածին Mayr Tachar Surp Ejmiatsin) which is one of the oldest churches in the world. [128] Shahkhatunian[129] and Ghevont Alishan suggested that these reliefs were created before the invention of the Armenian alphabet in 405. "[152] The cathedral complex has been called "Armenian Vatican" or "Armenian Mecca" as it is a major pilgrimage site for religious Armenians worldwide. [127] These reliefs have been dated by various authors between the first and sixth centuries. [90], In 1868, Catholicos Gevorg (George) IV made the last major alteration to the cathedral by adding a sacristy to its east end. [95] Prior to the May 1918 Battle of Sardarabad, which took place just miles away from the cathedral, the civilian and military leadership of Armenia suggested Catholicos Gevorg (George) V to leave for Byurakan for security purposes, but he refused. The name evolved into its later form by the shift in the medial L into a Gh, which is common in the Armenian language. Vagharshapat is connected with Yerevan and southern Armenia through the M-5 Motorway, while the M-3 Motorway connects the town with northern Armenia. Between 1996 and 2014, the Holy Mother of God Church of Vagharshapat has served as the seat of the diocese. [86][87][88] According to Bontems-Lefort, the Russian behaviour at Etchmiadzin contrasted with that of the Persian king, who treated the local Christian population with respect. The largest industrial firms of the town are the Ejmiatsin Instrument Making Factory founded in 1966, the E.P.G. Sahinian added many other medieval churches in Europe, such as the Palatine Chapel of Aachen in Germany, to the list of churches to have been influenced by the cathedrals of Etchmiadzin and Bagaran and by Byzantine decorative arts. [57], The early frescoes inside the cathedral were restored in the 18th century. In 1945, the town of Vagharshapat was officially renamed Etchmiadzin by the Soviet government. [53] Stepan Mnatsakanian suggested that the original building had been a "canopy erected on a cross [plan]," while architecture researcher Vahagn Grigoryan suggests what Mnatsakanian describes as an "extreme view,"[56] according to which the cathedral has been essentially in the same form as it is today. [103] The dissident anti-Soviet Armenian diocese in the US wrote that "the great cathedral became a hollow monument. With a minimum of ornament, the building [...] is a solid stone construction, its arches sober romanesque curves. Their work was continued by the succeeding generations of the same family (Mkrtum and Hakob) in the 19th century. Later, it was renamed Avan Vardgesi (Աւան Վարդգէսի, "Town of Vardges") or Vardgesavan (Վարդգէսաւան) after being rebuilt by prince Vardges Manouk near the shores of Kasagh River, during the reign of king Orontes I Sakavakyats of Armenia (570–560 BC). Most buildings are of great architectural significance, such as the old and new Pontifical Residences, the Chancellery or the Divanatoon, the Gate of King Trdat, Alex and Marie Manoogian Treasury Museum (1982), Khrimian Museum, Yeremian Monastic cells, the old Seminary building, the Clock Tower, the Bookstore, etc. Hence, the patriarch gave the church the name of Etchmiadzin (էջ ēĵ "descent" + մի mi "only" + -ա- -a- (linking element) + ծին tsin "begotten"),[48] which translates to "the Descent of the Only-Begotten [Son of God]. It has been called "the focal point of Armenians everywhere. The bas-reliefs and high-reliefs that illustrate fragments from ecclesiastical and secular life are implemented very skillfully. [55] Among them, Suren Yeremian and Armen Khatchatrian held that the original church had been in the form of a rectangle with a dome supported by four pillars. Within, is a city in miniature. It is at the eastern edge of modern-day Vagharshapat. "[38], The cathedral as seen from the surrounding gardens, Alexander Sahinian declared that Etchmiadzin holds a unique position in Armenian (and non-Armenian) architecture history because it reproduces features of different periods of Armenian architecture. The project is being jointly financed by the FFA, UEFA and FIFA. [136][137], In the 19th century, during an architectural revival that looked back to Armenia's past, the plan of Etchmiadzin Cathedral began to be directly copied in new Armenian churches. The Ministry of Culture of Armenia with its specialized unit as the authorized state body and the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church with its specialized units and dioceses as owner, as well as non-governmental, nature protection units and people interested in Armenian heritage conservation, are engaged in the protection of the monastery complex. [3] It is still commonly used colloquially and in official bureaucracy.[4]. The cathedral and churches of Echmiatsin and the archaeological remains at Zvartnots graphically illustrate the evolution and development of the Armenian central-domed cross-hall type of church, which exerted a profound influence on architectural and artistic development in the region. Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots. Hence, the patriarch gave the church the name of Etchmiadzin (էջ ēĵ "descent" + մի mi "only" + -ա- -a- (linking element) + ծին tsin "begotten"),[48] which translates to "the Descent of the Only-Begotten [Son of God]. "[122] Robert H. Hewsen writes that it is "neither the largest nor the most beautiful of Armenian churches", nevertheless, "the overall impression presented by the ensemble is inspiring, and Armenians hold the building in great reverence. [62] According to Hewsen the bell is of Tibetian origin with a Buddhist inscription, "probably the long-forgotten gift of some Mongol or Ilkhanid khan. [2] In 1874, he established the Gevorgian Seminary, a theological school-college located on the cathedral's premises. Under the reign of king Tigranes the Great (95–55 BC), the town was partly inhabited by Jewish captives. [96][97] The Armenian forces eventually repelled the Turkish offensive and set the foundation of the First Republic of Armenia. Etchmiadzin (en arménien Էջմիածին) ou Vagharchapat (Վաղարշապատ, nom officiel mais rarement utilisé) est une ville d'Arménie située à une vingtaine de kilomètres d'Erevan. Etchmiadzin (Armenian: «Էջմիածին» ամսագիր, Ēǰmiatsin amsagir) is the official monthly publication of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin of the Armenian Apostolic Church. In both cases the plan closely resembles that of Bagaran in Armenia. [38] Additionally, a wall was built around the cathedral, making it a fort-like complex. In October 2016, the Football Federation of Armenia has launched the construction of a football academy at the southern suburb of the town, on the Vagharshapat-Margara motorway. [7], During these centuries of neglect, the cathedral's "condition deteriorated so badly"[67] that it prompted the prominent archbishop Stepanos Orbelian to write one of his most notable poems, "Lament on Behalf of the Cathedral" ("Ողբ ի դիմաց Կաթողիկէին" Voğb i dimats Katoğikein) in 1300. Other members of the prominent Hovnatanian family (Hakob, Harutyun and Hovnatan) created paintings throughout the 18th century. The developments in ecclesiastical architecture represented in an outstanding manner by the churches at Echmiatsin and the archaeological site of Zvartnots had a profound influence on church design over a wide region. Churches of Etchmiadzin UNESCO World Heritage Site, including: Saint Hripsime Church (opened in 618), Saint Gayane Church (opened in 630), and Shoghakat Church (opened in 1694). A 1920 book prepared by the Historical Section of the British Foreign Office acknowledged that Etchmiadzin "was regarded as the national capital of the Armenians. [38][J], By the last quarter of the fifth century the cathedral was dilapidated. Nowadays, the terms Etchmiadzin and Vagharshapat are interchangeably used. Historically, Vagharshapat is at the heart of the Armenian Highland, in Aragatsotn canton (Armenian: Արագածոտն գաւառ Aragatsotn gavar, not to be confused with the current Aragatsotn Province) of Ayrarat province, within Armenia Major. [2] Naghash Hovnatan painted parts of the interior between 1712 and 1721. [54] However, other scholars, have rejected Sahinian's view. Under the Soviet rule, the town was turned into an important industrial centre. "[70], Following the fall of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in 1375, the See of Sis experienced decline and disarray. [38] During this century, belfries were added to many Armenian churches. [5] The pyre of the fire temple was unearthed under the altar of the east apse during the excavations in the 1950s. ), являются выдающимися памятниками армянской церковной архитектуры. The cathedral and churches of Echmiatsin and the archaeological remains at Zvartnots graphically illustrate the evolution and development of the Armenian central-domed cross-hall type of church, which exerted a profound influence on architectural and artistic development in the region. [94] A hospital and an orphanage within the cathedral's grounds were established and maintained by the U.S.-based Armenian Near East Relief by 1919.[2]. The earliest domed church is the Cathedral of Echmiatsin, which was built in AD 301-303 by King Trdat III (Tiridates) and St Gregory the Illuminator. [96][97] The Armenian forces eventually repelled the Turkish offensive and set the foundation of the First Republic of Armenia. [38] Additionally, a wall was built around the cathedral, making it a fort-like complex. The name Echmiatsin was used along with that of Vagharshapat after the adoption of Christianity (AD 301). [2] Engraved on the exterior of the edifice are decorative geometric and floral patterns as well as blind arcades and medallions depicting saints. [38] Paul and Thecla are represented in conversation, Paul is shown seated on cross-legged stool. It was restored under Toros Toramanian's supervision in what was the first case of restoration of an architectural monument in Soviet Armenia. The territory of ancient Vagharshapat was inhabited since the 3rd millennium BC. [115], Today, Etchmiadzin "has a cruciform plan with a central cupola, four free-standing piers, and four projecting apses which are semicircular on the interior and polygonal on the exterior. The city is best known as the location of Etchmiadzin Cathedral and Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, the center of the Armenian Apo [38][146] According to Strzygowski, some examples of churches influenced by Etchmiadzin and Bagaran are the 9th-century church of Germigny-des-Prés in France (built by Odo of Metz, probably an Armenian) and San Satiro of Milan, Italy. [38] The frescoes inside the cathedral were restored by Lydia Durnovo in 1956[132] and in 1981–82 under the directorship of Vardges Baghdasaryan. The main threats to the integrity of the site are its location in an active seismic zone, pollution of the surrounding environment, and the pressures of being on an active tourism route. [34] Since then the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin has been the administrative headquarters of the Armenian Church. [206], The Soviet Union and Armenia issued postage stamps depicting the cathedral in 1978 and 2009, respectively. [123] Paul Bloomfield, writing for The Times, expressed a similar view: "[the] cathedral, though diminutive by European standards, is immensely important. The climate is cold semi-arid (Köppen climate classification BSk). In 1913 and 1928, the area was excavated by archaeologist Yervand Lalayan. "[82] Douglas Freshfield wrote in 1869 that "convent and cathedral are within a large fortified enclosure" and claimed that it "has in its time resisted many attacks from the infidels. [D] According to most scholars it was the first cathedral built in ancient Armenia,[E] and is often considered the oldest cathedral in the world.[F]. [2][38] In 982 the cross of the cathedral was reportedly removed by an Arab emir. The latter type occurs also at Milan (San Satiro). [130] Art historian Sirarpie Der Nersessian believed that they are from the fifth or sixth century. The third area consists of the archaeological site of Zvartnots, with the ruins of the temple, Catholicos Palace and other constructions, and occupies about 18.8 ha. [159], Mabel Evelyn Elliott, the Medical Director of Near East Relief, wrote about the cathedral's longevity in 1924:[160], Early European visitors to Etchmiadzin who gave descriptions of the cathedral included Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (before 1668),[161] Jean Chardin (1673),[162] Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (c. 1700),[163] James Morier (1810–16),[164] Robert Ker Porter (1817–20),[165] Friedrich Parrot (1829),[166] August von Haxthausen (1843),[167] Moritz Wagner (1843),[168] James Bryce (1876),[169] H. F. B. Lynch (1893).[170]. [71] The cathedral was restored by Catholicos Kirakos (Cyriacus) between 1441 and 1443. His paintings on the dome and the painting of the Mother of God under the altar have survived to this day. With a minimum of ornament, the building [...] is a solid stone construction, its arches sober romanesque curves. In 1441 it was restored as catholicosate and remains as such to this day. The churches at Echmiatsin and the archaeological site of Zvartnots vividly depict both the spirituality and the innovatory artistic achievement of the Armenian Church from its foundation. [59], In 450, in an attempt to impose Zoroastrianism on Armenians, Sasanian King Yazdegerd II built a fire temple inside the cathedral. 640–661). [142][143], Art historian Josef Strzygowski, who was the first European to thoroughly study Armenian architecture,[144] and who placed Armenia in the center of European architecture,[145] suggested that several churches and chapels in Western Europe have been influenced by the cathedrals of Etchmiadzin and Bagaran due to similarities found within their plans. With the establishment of the Erivan Governorate in 1850, Vagharshapat became the centre of the newly formed Echmiadzinsky Uyezd. [77] He wanted to destroy the cathedral and have its remains brought to Isfahan. "[2] James Bryce wrote that the cathedral is "small, that is to say, compared with its fame or importance". [57], The early frescoes inside the cathedral were restored in the 18th century. Grigoryan wrote in 1986 that even the main dimensions of the cathedral are unknown. [203], The museum of the cathedral has numerous items on display, including manuscripts and religious objects. [42], "Etchmiadzin", "Echmiadzin", and "Ejmiatsin" redirect here. [2][38][118] The fifth-century building is the core of the cathedral, while the stone cupola, turrets, belfry, and rear extension are all later additions.
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