There was no public inquiry into the Croke Park massacre. Bloody Sunday was a day of atrocities that took place during the Irish War of Independence. At least 5,000 spectators went to Croke Park for the match, which began thirty minutes late, at 3:15 p.m.[44], Meanwhile, unbeknownst to the crowd, British forces were approaching and preparing to raid the match. Both groups soon became notorious for their brutal treatment of the civilian population. Learning on Saturday that a number of these gunmen were present in Croke Park, the Crown forces went to raid the field. Today Croke Park Stadium has a grandstand named after one of the players (Michael Hogan) who was shot down on the pitch on that sad November day. Several plain-clothes Auxiliaries also rode in front with the Black and Tans. [52], Once the firing stopped, the security forces searched the remaining men in the crowd before letting them go. Another successful attack took place at 38 Upper Mount Street, where another two Intelligence officers were killed. Daniel Healy was eventually acquitted.[87]. Required fields are marked *. Panic was at its height and the stadium was evacuated as quickly as possible. The day became known as Bloody Sunday - one of the darkest days of the Northern Ireland Troubles. Bloody Sunday (irlandais : Domhnach na Fola, parfois anglais : Bogside Massacre, français : Massacre du Bogside ou Dimanche sanglant) est une tuerie survenue le dimanche 30 janvier 1972 dans le Bogside à Derry en Irlande du Nord, dans laquelle vingt-huit personnes (manifestants pacifistes des droits civiques et passants) ont été prises pour cible par des soldats de l'armée britannique. [15], Dick McKee was put in charge of planning the operation. Seventeen shots were fired through the panels. The men sought were not in their digs or in several cases, the men looking for them bungled their jobs".[39]. It comprised twelve trucks of Black and Tans in front and six trucks of Auxiliaries behind. [60] He had been arrested in another raid on a hotel that IRA members had just left. [20], At 22 Lower Mount Street, one Intelligence officer was killed, but another escaped. Money raised from ticket sales would go to the Republican Prisoners' Dependents' Fund. There were dozens of other wounded and injured. [74] Patrick Moran was sentenced to death for Gresham Hotel killings and also executed on 14 March. [51] Seven people had been shot to death, and five more had been shot and wounded so badly that they later died; another two people had died in the crowd crush. [11][12] Mulcahy, the IRA Chief of Staff, described it as, "a very dangerous and cleverly placed spy organisation". Elle doit partir du Central Drive de Creggann pour traverser le quartier du Bogside en empruntant le pont qui longe le quartier pour se terminer sur Guildhall Square. The man who shared McMahons room, Mr. 'C' also identified Potter. One of his officers told him that, "Black and Tans fired into the crowd without any provocation whatsoever". British soldiers and relatives of the victims outside, Belfast Telegraph archive 27 November 1920, "The Gaelic Athletic Association in Dublin during the Irish Revolution, 1913–1923", "Ceremony to mark grave of Bloody Sunday victim", "Kill Irish Prisoners Who Try To Escape From Castle Prison", "The day 14 died in Croke Park: Remembering those killed 99 years ago", "Tuesday 25th January 1921 Lancashire Evening Post", "Thursday 27th January Londonderry Sentinel", "Lt John Connolly Leinster Regiment – Mr 'C' trial witness", "Lt Charles R. Peel Lab. On the morning of what would become known as Bloody Sunday, troops from the Parachute Regiment were manning barricades. In an effort to cover up the nature of the behaviour by British forces, a press release was issued which claimed: A number of men came to Dublin on Saturday under the guise of asking to attend a football match between Tipperary and Dublin. [49], The police kept shooting for about ninety seconds. Thomas Whelan, James Boyce, James McNamara and Michael Tobin were arrested for the killing of Lieutenant Baggallay. Two football players, Michael Hogan and Jim Egan, had been shot; Egan survived but Hogan was killed, the only player fatality. [10], On the night of 20 November, the leaders of the assassination teams, which included the Squad and members of the IRA's Dublin Brigade, were briefed on their targets, which included twenty agents at eight different locations in Dublin. [17], Early on the morning of 21 November, the IRA teams mounted the operation. The IRA, however, does not make lace, and kills based on suspicion, murdering 2 innocent people without political commitments, as well as a pregnant woman, married to one of the British agents. Select from premium Bloody Sunday Ireland of the highest quality. British Brigadier Frank Percy Crozier, overall commander of the Auxiliary Division, later resigned over what he believed was the official condoning of the unjustified actions of the Auxiliaries in Croke Park. All other witnesses said the shooting was unprovoked, and a military inquiry concluded it was indiscriminate and excessive. But after Bloody Sunday the influence of the left, which had been growing amongst sections of the nationalist working class, was severely curtailed. One of the first casualties of Bloody Sunday was a 17-year-old named John Duddy, who was shot and mortally wounded during the chaos. [23] They were the first Auxiliaries to be killed on active duty. The events of Bloody Sunday, 21 November 1920, are generally regarded as having marked a decisive turning-point in the military struggle between the British forces and the IRA, the military wing of the underground Dáil government. IRA operatives went to a number of addresses and killed or fatally wounded 15 men. Learn more about Bloody Sunday in this article. [62] Medical examination found broken bones and abrasions consistent with prolonged assaults, and bullet wounds to the head and body. The Black and Tans took revenge the same afternoon, attacking spectators at a Gaelic football match in Croke Park, Dublin, killing 12 and wounding 60. The Bloody Sunday of 1920 refers to a day of great violence in Ireland during the Irish War of Independence. More than 30 people were killed or fatally wounded. [9], In response to increasing IRA activity, the British government began bolstering the RIC with recruits from Britain, who became known as "Black and Tans" due to their mixture of black police and khaki military uniforms. Mr. Mahon [sic]'s room was pointed out. Major General Boyd, the British officer commanding Dublin District, added that in his opinion, the firing on the crowd "was indiscriminate, and unjustifiable, with the exception of any shooting which took place inside the enclosure". By the spring of 1921, the British had rebuilt their intelligence organisation in Dublin, and the IRA were planning another assassination attempt on British agents in the summer of that year. The Bloody Sunday of 1920 refers to a day of great violence in Ireland during the Irish War of Independence. Your email address will not be published. Their faces were covered in cuts and bruises, and McKee had an apparent bayonet wound in his side. The Northern Ireland Public Prosecution Service decided in March last year that Soldier F, as he was known at the Bloody Sunday public inquiry, would be the only former soldier to be charged. The painting, titled ‘Transilience’, meaning an abrupt change or leaping from one state to another, was painted by artist and Croke Park colleague David Sweeney. Daniel Healy was excused by the prosecution and given a separate trial after a petition by counsel that the evidence against the other prisoners would embarrass his client. "The Twelve Apostles"), who were tasked with assassinating prominent RIC officers and British agents, including suspected informers. The whole of Ireland was enthralled by the trial with most Irish newspapers and international newspapers reporting it.[79][80][81]. A third, surnamed "Peel", managed to keep the assassins from entering his room. 's room. Winston Churchill added that the agents were "careless fellows ... who ought to have taken precautions". Two boys aged ten and eleven were shot dead. A few hours later, the event shook public opinion, and the British authorities expressed their regret, explaining that the fire was opened in response to a shot fired by a nationalist present on the ground. Five others were wounded. Ireland's Freeman's Journal reported that, The spectators were startled by a volley of shots fired from inside the turnstile entrances. She was put into a corridor in which there 3 or 4 windows covered with brown paper. [57], The Times, which during the war was a pro-Unionist publication, ridiculed Dublin Castle's version of events,[57] as did a British Labour Party delegation visiting Ireland at the time. Sunday, August 30th [31st in fact], was a day of bloody and prolonged terrorism, commencing with the batoning of thousands in O’Connell Street by the members or the Dublin Metropolitan Police, assisted by hundreds of R.I.C. Meanwhile another servant, hearing the shots, shouted from an upper window to a party of officers of the Auxiliary Division who had left Beggars Bush Barracks to catch an early train southward for duty. Two other IRA members were later convicted and hanged in March 1921 for their part in the assassinations. The addresses of the British agents were discovered from a variety of sources, including sympathetic maids and other servants, careless talk from some of the British,[16] and an IRA informant in the RIC (Sergeant Mannix) based in Donnybrook barracks. The spectators made a rush for the far side of Croke Park and shots were fired over their heads and into the crowd. Mr. Mahon [sic] was killed. [17], Their captors said that, because there was no room in the cells, they were placed in a guardroom containing arms, and were killed while trying to escape. Archive footage from Bloody Sunday in Derry, January 30th 1972, showing former Bishop of Derry Dr Edward Daly as he helped victims of the shootings. One of them (MacCormack) was apparently not the intended target. One IRA volunteer, Frank Teeling, was shot and captured as the team fled the building. [29], One of the IRA volunteers who took part in these attacks, Seán Lemass, would later become a prominent Irish politician and serve as Taoiseach. They felt that the Widgery Inquiry, held shortly after the shootings, did not find out the truth about what happened on Bloody Sunday. Since 1919 he had operated a clandestine "Squad" of IRA members in Dublin (a.k.a. Only Whelan was convicted and was executed on 14 March 1921. As they left the scene they exchanged fire with a British major who had spotted them from a nearby house. Find the perfect Bloody Sunday Ireland stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. À cette époque, une interdiction de toutes les manifestations avait été prononcée depuis quelques jours. [70], The IRA assassinations sparked panic among the British military authorities, and numerous British agents fled to Dublin Castle for safety. BLOODY SUNDAY" Dublin ,November 21, 1920,e Irish Republican Army waged a guerrilla war against the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), its auxiliary organisations and the British Army,Michael Collins and Richard Mulcahy to wipe out the British intelligence organisation in the city. "[85], Frank Teeling managed to escape from Kilmainham in a daring raid organised by Collins. They have destroyed without trial. [63][64][65] An army doctor who examined the bodies found signs of discolouring on the skin, but stated this could have been the result of how the bodies were left lying. But on their approach, armed pickets gave warning. The killing of the Cairo Gang on Bloody Sunday [7], The events on the morning of 21 November were an effort by the IRA in Dublin, under Michael Collins and Richard Mulcahy, to destroy the British intelligence network in the city. [73], One IRA member had been captured during the assassinations that morning, and several others were arrested in the following days. A little later, 2 members of the IRA (Dick McKee and Peadar Clancy) responsible for the morning’s mass murders were arrested, beaten and tortured. [71] In Britain and in the short term, the killings of the British Army officers received more attention. Meanwhile, a Gaelic Football match is quietly taking place at Croke Park Stadium between the Dublin and Tipperary teams. I remember those pale dead faces as if I had looked at them yesterday, they were not disfigured". One of the two men shot at the Gresham Hotel (Wilde) was probably on secret service, but the other was an innocent civilian, killed because the assassins went to the wrong room. terrified and crippled British intelligence in Ireland, [61] They allegedly threw grenades, which did not detonate, then fired at the guards with a rifle, but missed. [43], Later that night, two high-ranking IRA officers, Dick McKee and Peadar Clancy, together with another man, Conor Clune, were killed while being held and interrogated in Dublin Castle. It takes place on November 21, 1920, and begins with the assassination of 14 British policemen by the IRA, then commanded by Michael Collins (1890-1922). They entered, and five shots were fired immediately at a few inches range. Their orders were to surround Croke Park, guard the exits, and search every man. [40], The Dublin Gaelic football team was scheduled to play the Tipperary team later the same day in Croke Park, the Gaelic Athletic Association's major football ground. This situation contributed to England’s unpopularity and encouraged the Irish to revolt and win the Irish War of Independence a year later. How Bloody Sunday still haunts Northern Ireland, 48 years on. Teeling, Conway and Potter were convicted and sentenced to death. [60] However Clune's employer, Edward MacLysaght, who viewed the corpses at King George V Hospital, stated that the claim "that their faces were so battered about as to be unrecognisable and horrible to look at is quite untrue. They were then shot dead as they tried to escape (according to the British authorities). The RIC was disbanded in… Clune, a nephew of Patrick Clune, Archbishop of Perth, Australia, had joined the Irish Volunteers shortly after it was founded, but it is unclear if he was ever active. It was then that British troops belonging to the Auxiliaries and the Black and Tans landed in the stadium with a tank, took possession of the pitch and deliberately opened fire on the crowd of spectators. Bloody Sunday occurred in Dublin on 21 November 1920 and would mark a turning point for the War of Independence leaving 31 people dead in a single day. Instead, two British military courts of inquiry into the massacre were held behind closed doors, at the Mater Hospital and at Jervis Street Hospital. Bloody Sunday, demonstration in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, on Sunday, January 30, 1972, by Roman Catholic civil rights supporters that turned violent when British paratroopers opened fire, killing 13 and injuring 14 others (one of the injured later died). Only one Squad member was captured, Frank Teeling, but he managed to escape from jail soon after. This would become an important event in the military struggle between the IRA and the British armed forces in Ireland at the time. The British authorities stated that 30–40 discarded revolvers were found in the grounds. Two Intelligence officers were killed outright, a fourth (Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Montgomery) died of his wounds on 10 December, while the rest survived. Some of the police claimed they were fired at, and this was accepted by the British authorities. [5][6][7] Two of those killed were children. They were charged with the murder of Lieutenant H. Angliss of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, otherwise known as Mr. McMahon of 22 Lower Mount Street. Bloody Sunday 1920: new evidence Published in 20th-century / Contemporary History, Features, Issue 2 (Summer 2003), Revolutionary Period 1912-23, Volume 11. The trial of the three other prisoners proceeded. [67], Together, the attacks on the British agents, and the British massacre of civilians, damaged British authority and increased support for the IRA. The actions of the police were officially unauthorised and were greeted with horror by the British authorities at Dublin Castle. More than 15,000 Irish people attended the match in a friendly atmosphere. Some of the police later claimed they were fired on first as they arrived outside Croke Park,[46] allegedly by IRA sentries; but other police at the front of the convoy did not corroborate this,[47] and there is no convincing evidence for it. Bloody Sunday occurred on January 30, 1972, in the city of Derry when the parachute regiment of the British army opened fire on a Civil Rights march killing 13 people, another victim died later from his wounds. Teeling escaped from prison and the other two were later reprieved. More than thirty people gave evidence, most of them anonymous Black and Tans, Auxiliaries and British soldiers. The Bloody Sunday inquiry was established in 1998 by Prime Minister Tony Blair after a campaign by families of those killed and injured. [27][28] According to one of the IRA team, James Cahill, Wilde told the IRA he was an Intelligence officer when asked his name, apparently mistaking them for a police raiding party. Bloody Sunday, 1920 - killing & dying in the Irish revolution | The Century Ireland project is an online historical newspaper that tells the story of the events of Irish life a century ago [69], When Joseph Devlin, an Irish Parliamentary Party MP, tried to bring up the Croke Park massacre at Westminster, he was shouted down and physically assaulted by his fellow MPs;[40] the sitting had to be suspended. It was the original intention that an officer would go to the centre of the field and speaking from a megaphone, invite the assassins to come forward. The findings of these inquiries were suppressed by the British Government, and only came to light in 2000. [21][22] The building was then surrounded by members of the Auxiliary Division, who happened to be passing by, and the IRA team was forced to shoot its way out. January 30 marks the 49th anniversary of Bloody Sunday, when British soldiers opened fire on a peaceful protest in Derry, Northern Ireland, killing 14 people. The men dashed upstairs and one of them, the prisoner Conway, went to Mr. Mr. Peel escaped uninjured. In Londonderry, Northern Ireland, 13 unarmed civil rights demonstrators are shot dead by British Army paratroopers in an event that becomes known as “Bloody Sunday.”. The prosecution opened with an account of the start of the incident: At about 9 o'clock two men came to the front door, one of whom asked for Mr. McMahon and the second for Mr. B. [43] Despite the general unease in Dublin as news broke of the assassinations, a war-weary populace continued with life. He listened to the statements of the auxiliaries and I was able to show him ocular and tangible proof of them". [8] The killings of the match-goers (including a woman, several children, and a player) made international headlines, damaging British credibility and further turning the Irish public against the British authorities. It refers to the events of Sunday 30 January 1972 in Derry, Northern Ireland, where 14 peaceful demonstrators were killed by British army fire. The IRA were convinced that most of their targets had been British Intelligence agents. [50] Some police fired into the fleeing crowd from the pitch, while others, outside the grounds, opened fire from the Canal Bridge at spectators who climbed over the Canal Wall trying to escape. In August 1971 the British Army launch… Shots were fired to warn the wanted men, who caused a stampede and escaped in the confusion. They were captured by an IRA team on Mount Street Bridge and marched to a house on Northumberland Road where they were interrogated and shot dead. Ce jour là, une marche pacifiste fut organisée par la NICRA afin de protester contre les arrestations injustifiées et les emprisonnements sans procès. [72] The fate of the British agents was seen in Dublin as an IRA intelligence victory, but British Prime Minister David Lloyd George commented dismissively that his men "got what they deserved, beaten by counter-jumpers". Armed and uniformed men were seen entering the field, and immediately after the firing broke out scenes of the wildest confusion took place. It was then found that Mr. McMahon was dead, having been wounded in four parts of the body.[82]. The Bloody Sunday Inquiry has begun to take statements from eyewitnesses involved in the events in Derry on January 30, 1972. Sous domination britannique, les organisateurs ont d… The bodies of nine of the Army officers assassinated were brought in procession through the streets of London en route to their funerals. I have paid them back in their own coin. They were shot by Auxiliaries. The events of 21 November 1920 caused a general outcry, as well as the utter indignation of Irish and international opinion. The status of the other (Wilde) is unclear. The Croke Park shootings in 1920 helped the Irish Republic to broadcast itself as an outraged victim of British imperialism across the world. In a carnival atmosphere, a peaceful anti-internment march began, only to end tragically a few hours later when thirteen unarmed marchers were shot dead by the British Army. The police in the convoy's leading trucks appear to have jumped out, run down the passage to the Canal end gate, forced their way through the turnstiles, and started firing rapidly with rifles and revolvers. These suspects would be questioned and detained without trial until the situation eased. [76], James "Shanker" Ryan, who had informed on Clancy and McKee, was shot and killed by the IRA in February 1921. La journée commence avec lassassinat de quatorze agents britanniques ou de leurs informateurs, mais également de personnes sans engagement politique, par l'Armée républicaine irlandaise sous les ordres de Michael Collins. No man exposes himself needlessly in Ireland when a military lorry passes by.[48]. TOPICS: Northern Ireland The Troubles. The servant called out to warn Mr. McMahon, and she saw Teeling enter the room followed by others. IRA mole David Neligan was also adamant about this fact. Mr "B"[84] was another trial witness, and he was later identified as Lt Charles R. Peel. The IRA also believed that British forces were implementing a coordinated policy of assassination of leading republicans. – Mr 'B' trail witness", "New York Times Report 29th January 1921", "The Irish Times – Page 5 Monday 7 March 1921", "Death in the Afternoon: The Croke Park Massacre, 21 November 1920", State visit of Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Sunday_(1920)&oldid=1016730418, History of the Dublin county football team, History of the Tipperary county football team, Massacres committed by the United Kingdom, Military actions and engagements during the Irish War of Independence, Police misconduct during the Irish War of Independence, British war crimes during the Irish War of Independence, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, County Dublin articles missing geocoordinate data, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Lieutenant Henry Angliss (cover name 'Patrick McMahon', British Army Intelligence Officer) – Lower Mount Street, Lieutenant Geoffrey Baggallay (British Army Court-Martial Officer) – 119 Lower Baggot St, Lieutenant George Bennett (British Army Intelligence Officer) – Upper Mount Street, Major Charles Dowling (British Army Intelligence Officer) – Pembroke Street, Sergeant John Fitzgerald (RIC officer) – Earlsfort Terrace, Auxiliary Frank Garniss (RIC Auxiliary, former British Army lieutenant) – Northumberland Road, Lieutenant Donald MacLean (British Army Intelligence Officer) – Morehampton Road, Patrick MacCormack (civilian, former British Army, Auxiliary Cecil Morris (RIC Auxiliary, former British Army captain) – Northumberland Road, Captain William Newberry (British Army Court-Martial Officer) – 92 Lower Baggot Street, Captain Leonard Price (British Army Intelligence Officer) – Pembroke Street, Thomas Smith (civilian, landlord of MacLean) – Morehampton Road, Leonard Wilde (civilian and possible Intelligence agent, former British Army lieutenant) – Gresham Hotel, Daniel Carroll (31), Tipperary (died 23 November), Tom Hogan (19), Limerick (died 26 November), This page was last edited on 8 April 2021, at 19:20. [13] Two of those who attended the meeting—Dick McKee and Peadar Clancy—were arrested in a raid a few hours later, and Collins narrowly evaded capture in another raid. [33], There has been confusion and disagreement about the status of the IRA's victims on the morning of Bloody Sunday. Video: Reuters The IRA was in battle with the British authorities in Ireland, and ruthless killings and brutal violence were commonplace.war-of-independence-top.html However, the events of Bloody Sunday surpassed everything that had gone before, and sent shockwaves across Ireland, Britain, and even further afield. At the time, the British government said that the men killed were ordinary British officers or (in some cases) innocent civilians. [8], Bloody Sunday was one of the most significant events to take place during the Irish War of Independence, which followed the declaration of an Irish Republic and founding of its parliament, Dáil Éireann. Frank Teeling (who had been captured) was tried for the killing of Lieutenant Angliss along with William Conway, Edward Potter and Daniel Healy. But their real intention was to take part in the series of murderous outrages which took place in Dublin that morning. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) waged a guerrilla war against British forces: the Royal Irish Constabulary and the British Army, who were tasked with suppressing it. This event, and the fact that The officers are then murdered in their homes early in the morning, although 6 of them will eventually survive their injuries. L’expression Bloody Sunday désigne un triste épisode qui s’est déroulé le dimanche 30 janvier 1972 à Derry en Irlande du Nord. Collins justified the killings in this way: My one intention was the destruction of the undesirables who continued to make miserable the lives of ordinary decent citizens. However, many of these plans were called off because of the truce that ended the war in July 1921. I have proof enough to assure myself of the atrocities which this gang of spies and informers have committed. If I had a second motive it was no more than a feeling such as I would have for a dangerous reptile. [Bloody Sunday] the day (30 January 1972) when British soldiers shot and killed 13 people taking part in a march in ↑Derry, Northern Ireland, to protest against the government putting its political opponents in jail. Corps. Later that afternoon, British forces raided a Gaelic football match in Croke Park. At least two civilians were killed, but the status of some of those killed is unclear.
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