After declaring his opposition to the coup, Izamo was taken by the coup plotters to an underground cellar. Cognizant of the president's intentions, Banza increased his vocalization of dissenting political views. Rumours abounded that Bokassa himself occasionally participated in beatings and executions. The CAR supreme court rejected the appeal.[52]. He was short in stature and physically strong. [47] Bokassa allegedly participated in the massacre, appearing at the jail and beating some of the children to death with his cane. On 15 August 1944, he participated in the Allied forces’ landing in Provence, France, in Operation Dragoon, and fought in southern France and in Germany in early 1945, before Nazi Germany was toppled. Two months later, the French government deployed 80 paratroopers to Bangui. [56] The decree went on to hold that "This rehabilitation of rights erases penal condemnations, particularly fines and legal costs, and stops any future incapacities that result from them". He then moved to France where he was allowed to settle in his Chateau d'Hardricourt in the suburb of Paris. [34] He survived another coup attempt in December 1974. [41] The ceremony was organized by French artist Jean-Pierre Dupont. The hour of justice is at hand. [28], On 13 April 1968, in another one of his frequent cabinet reshuffles, Bokassa demoted Banza to minister of health, but let him remain in his position as minister of state. A hospital nurse testified that Bokassa was said to have killed the delivered child with an injection of poison. After Bokassa reciprocated by meeting Tombalbaye on 2 April 1966, along the southern border of Chad at Fort Archambault, the two decided to help one another if either was in danger of losing power. The trial was listened to and watched by many in the Central African Republic and in neighbouring countries who had access to a radio or TV set.[51]. The Western press, mostly in France, the UK, and USA, considered him a laughing stock, and often compared his eccentric behavior and egotistical extravagance with that of another well-known eccentric African dictator, Idi Amin of Uganda. After hearing about the efforts of a prophet named Karnu to resist French rule and forced labour,[2] Mindogon decided that he would no longer follow French orders. He returned to the Central African Republic in 1986 and was put on trial for treason and murder. [citation needed] Bokassa's presence in France proved embarrassing to many government ministers who had supported him during his rule. He remained in the French Army after the war, studying radio transmissions at an army camp in the French coastal town of Fréjus. At first, Dacko found his cousin's antics amusing. This article lists the heads of state of the Central African Republic and the Central African Empire. On 10 October 1979, the French Canard Enchaîné satirical newspaper reported that President Bokassa had offered the then Minister of Finance Giscard two diamonds in 1973. [14] Under pressure from political radicals in the Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique noire (Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa or MESAN) and in an attempt to cultivate alternative sources of support and display his ability to make foreign policy without the help of the French government, Dacko established diplomatic relations with Mao Zedong's People's Republic of China (PRC) in September 1964. After attending the celebrations and a 23 July ceremony to mark the closing of a military officer training school he had attended decades earlier, Bokassa decided to return to the CAR. [16] Bokassa felt that he needed to take over the CAR government to solve all the country's problems—most importantly, to rid the country from the influence of communism. The aid failed to subdue the prospect of a financial collapse for the country. Comment ajouter mes sources ? [19] At this point, Bokassa told friends he was annoyed by Dacko's mistreatment and was "going for a coup d'état". The court acknowledged that many individual allegations of murder had been levelled at Bokassa but found that the evidence was unimpeachable in only about 20 cases. However, Dacko forbade his return,[14] and the infuriated Bokassa spent the next few months trying to obtain supporters from the French and Central African armed forces, who he hoped would force Dacko to reconsider his decision. En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? [19] An hour and a half before midnight, Captain Banza gave orders to his officers to begin the coup. Szpiner and Gibault appealed the verdict for a retrial on the grounds that the Central African Republic's constitution allowed a former head of state to be charged only with treason. At this time Mgboundoulou no longer advocated his status as leader of the army. [35] He had earlier appointed the CAR's first female government minister, Marie-Joséphe Franck, in February 1970. A défaut, un second tour est organisé entre les deux candidats arrivés en tête au premier, et celui recueillant le plus de voix est déclaré élu[1]. [29], When Banza contacted his co-conspirators on 8 April 1969, informing them that they would execute the coup the following day, Mandaba immediately phoned Bokassa and informed him of the plan. [14] Widespread political corruption by government officials and politicians added to the country's list of problems. The death sentence was later commuted to life in solitary confinement, but he was freed in 1993. [17], Dacko sent Bokassa to Paris as part of the country's delegation for the Bastille Day celebrations in July 1965. For his exploits in battle, he was honored with membership of the Légion d'honneur, and was decorated with Croix de guerre. Jean-Bédel Bokassa ([ʒɑ̃ bedɛl bɔkasa]; 22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996), also known as Bokassa I, was a Central African political and military leader who served as the second president of the Central African Republic and as the emperor of its successor state, the Central African Empire, from his Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état on 1 January 1966 until overthrown in a subsequent coup in 1979. Testifying in his own defence, Bokassa stated: "I'm not a saint. The arrests came after the children threw rocks at Bokassa's passing Rolls-Royce during protests over wearing the costly school uniforms which they were forced to purchase from a factory (supposedly owned by one of the former leader's wives). He was said to have ordered the prison guards to club the children to death, and Bokassa participated, smashing the skulls of at least five children with his ebony walking stick. [35], Bokassa's full title was "Emperor of Central Africa by the will of the Central African people, united within the national political party, the MESAN". [1] Mindogon was forced to organise the rosters of his village people to work for the French Forestière company. In 1956, he was promoted to second lieutenant, and two years later to lieutenant. Bokassa panicked, believing the president had been warned of the coup in advance, and immediately ordered his soldiers to search for Dacko in the countryside until he was found. [6] Bokassa saw some combat during the First Indochina War before his tour of duty ended in March 1953. Est élu le candidat ayant recueilli la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés au premier tour. François Bozizé Yangouvonda (born 14 October 1946) is a Central African politician who was the The government prosecutors hired Bernard Jouanneau, a French lawyer to investigate as well as recover some of the millions of CAR francs that Bokassa had diverted from the national treasury and from both social and charity funds for his own personal use in the embezzlement charges. Bokassa attempted to justify his actions by claiming that creating a monarchy would help Central Africa "stand out" from the rest of the continent, and earn the world's respect. The coronation ceremony lasted for two days and cost 10 million GBP, more than the annual budget of the Central African Republic. Samba-Panza became the first female head of state of the Central African Republic. The American newsmagazine, Time, reported that Banza "was dragged before a Cabinet meeting where Bokassa slashed him with a razor. He frequently appeared in public wearing all his military decorations, and in ceremonies, he often sat next to President Dacko to display his importance in the government. [56], His Imperial Majesty Bokassa the First, Apostle of Peace and Servant of Jesus Christ, Emperor and Marshal of Central Africa[55], Offices and positions held by Jean-Bédel Bokassa, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBokassa1985 (, Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa, 1981 Central African Republic coup d'état, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Crown Prince of the Central African Empire, Grand Cross of the National Order of Chad, Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Nile, Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures, Volunteer Combatant Cross Medal of 1939-1945, Volunteer Combatant Resistance Cross Medal, Free France Voluntary Service Commemorative Medal, Grand Cross of the Order of the Equatorial Star, Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast, Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite, Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion, Grand Cross of the Order of the Yugoslav Star, Grand Cross of the National Order of the Leopard, "Army Chief of Staff Seizes Power in Upper Volta. [23] He called it "a lifeless organ no longer representing the people". [20] After seizing the capital in a matter of hours, Bokassa and Banza rushed to the Palais de la Renaissance in order to arrest Dacko. On 1 January 1962, Bokassa left the French Army and joined the Central African Armed Forces with the rank of battalion commandant under then commander-in-chief Mgboundoulou. Over a year later, Bokassa became commander-in-chief of the 500 soldiers in the Central African Army. As of 2020 , the CAR is the scene of a civil war, ongoing since 2012. Central Africans, wherever you may be, be assured that the army will defend you and your property ... Long live the Central African Republic! Centrafrique : retour à Bangui de l’ancien président Bozizé. Bokassa's imperial title did not achieve international diplomatic recognition. Coat of arms of the Central African Republic, Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa, Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People, List of heads of government of the Central African Republic, Vice President of the Central African Republic, "Salaire des chefs d'Etat africains : Macky Sall parmi les Présidents les plus mal payés...", "His Diplomatic Coup: Getting Them on the Record", "Situation "confused" after apparent coup attempt", "Rebel leader seizes power, suspends constitution", "Centrafrique: Michel Djotodia déclare être le nouveau président de la république centrafricaine", "Regional leaders recognise C.African Republic rebel chief", "CAR interim President Michel Djotodia resigns", Elections in the Central African Republic, BBC News Timeline: Central African Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Central_African_Republic&oldid=973241654, Government of the Central African Republic, Heads of state of the Central African Republic, 1960 establishments in the Central African Republic, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Dacko served as president of the government from 1 May 1959, Bokassa spent approximately US$20 million—one third of the country's annual budget—on his, This was Dacko's second time as president of the Central African Republic. Bokassa realized he had to act against Dacko quickly, and worried that his 500-man army would be no match for the gendarmerie and the presidential guard. There have been seven heads of state in the history of the Central African Republic and the Central African Empire since independence was obtained from the French on 13 August 1960. The following month, on 2 January, he relinquished the position of prime minister to Elisabeth Domitien, who became the first woman to hold the position. On 29 February 1988, President Kolingba demonstrated his opposition to capital punishment by voiding the death penalty against Bokassa and commuted his sentence to life in prison in solitary confinement, and the following year reduced the sentence to 20 years. Izamo, who was at a New Year's Eve celebration with friends, reluctantly agreed and travelled to the camp. [25], In the coming months, Bokassa imposed a number of new rules and regulations: men and women between the ages of 18 and 55 had to provide proof that they had jobs, or else they would be fined or imprisoned. Dacko's personal advisers alerted him that Bokassa "showed signs of mental instability" and needed to be arrested before he sought to bring down the government, but Dacko did not heed these warnings. [21], In the morning, Bokassa addressed the public via Radio Bangui: "This is Colonel Bokassa speaking to you. The Central African Republic is a landlocked country in Central Africa. Est élu le candidat ayant recueilli la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés au premier tour. [12] Bokassa frequently got into heated arguments with Jean-Paul Douate, the government's chief of protocol, who admonished him for not following the correct order of seating at presidential tables. In September 1976, Bokassa dissolved the government and replaced it with the Conseil de la Révolution Centrafricaine (Central African Revolutionary Council). His teachers noticed his attachment, and started calling him "Jean-Bédel. Tom-tom playing was allowed only during the nights and weekends. By this time, many people inside and outside the CAE thought Bokassa was insane. [37] France also lent support. There were live French-language broadcasts by Radio Bangui and local TV news crews broadcast all over the country, as well as neighbouring French-speaking African countries. One of the most lurid allegations against Bokassa was that of cannibalism. On 12 June 1987, Bokassa was acquitted on charges of cannibalism, but found guilty on all of the other charges. Bokassa was immediately arrested by the Central African authorities as soon as he stepped off the plane and was tried for 14 different charges, including treason, murder, cannibalism, illegal use of property, assault and battery, and embezzlement. Late that afternoon, soldiers dragged a still identifiable corpse, with the spinal column smashed, from barrack to barrack to serve as an example. The men had to break Banza's arms before they could overpower and throw him into the trunk of a Mercedes and take him directly to Bokassa. Following his overthrow, the CAR was restored under his predecessor, David Dacko. Upon seizing power from David Dacko in 1981, the current President André Kolingba had declared amnesty for all misdemeanours committed during the tenure of his predecessors. [5] After the occupation of France by Nazi Germany, Bokassa served with an African unit of the Free French Forces and took part in the capture of the Vichy government's capital at Brazzaville. Upon arrival, he was confronted by Banza and Bokassa, who informed him of the coup in progress. President: 30 March 2016 Incumbent: Independent: Previously, Touadéra served as Prime … [19] By December, many people began to anticipate the political turmoil that would soon engulf the country. Former president Dacko was called to the witness stand to testify that he had seen photographs of butchered bodies hanging in the dark cold-storage rooms of Bokassa's palace immediately after the 1979 coup. The current President of the Central African Republic is Faustin-Archange Touadéra, since 30 March 2016. Next, testimony came from 27 teenagers and young adults who claimed to be former school children who testified as being the only survivors of the 180 children arrested in April 1979. [40] The French Defence Minister sent a battalion to secure the ceremony; he also lent 17 aircraft to the new Central African Empire's government, and even assigned French Navy personnel to support the orchestra. He hinted at his intentions to elders of the Bobangui village, who in turn informed Bokassa of the plot. États reconnus par aucun membre des Nations unies. [28] In the meantime, Banza tried to obtain a support base within the army, spending much of his time in the company of soldiers. [13] Dacko planned to replace Bokassa with Izamo as his personal military adviser, and wanted to promote army officers loyal to the government, while demoting Bokassa and his close associates. [38][39], The "friendly and fraternal" cooperation with France—according to Bokassa's own terms—reached its peak with the imperial coronation ceremony of Bokassa I on 4 December 1977. [29] Banza revealed his intention to stage a coup to Lieutenant Jean-Claude Mandaba, the commanding officer of Camp Kassaï, whom he looked to for support. In 1987, he was cleared of charges of cannibalism, but found guilty of the murder of schoolchildren and other crimes. Banza was an intelligent, ambitious and capable man who played a major role in the planning of the coup. The prosecution did not examine the rumours that Bokassa had served the flesh of his victims to French President Giscard and other visiting dignitaries. At an official dinner, he said, "Colonel Bokassa only wants to collect medals and he is too stupid to pull off a coup d'état". This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of the Central African Republic but also those who served as de facto heads of state. All other political organizations were barred from the country. [49] He rented it to the Cercle national des combattants, a non-profit organization run by National Front politician Roger Holeindre from 1986 to 1995, when the Cercle purchased it from Bokassa. The trial by jury of a former head of state was unprecedented in the history of post-colonial Africa, where former dictators had previously been tried and executed following show trials. Bokassa was born on 22 February 1921, as one of 12 children to Mindogon Bokassa, a village chief, and his wife Marie Yokowo in Bobangui, a large M'Baka village in the Lobaye basin located at the edge of the equatorial forest, then a part of colonial French Equatorial Africa, some 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Bangui. He released some of his fellow villagers who were being held hostage by the Forestière. Around 100 children were killed. Cette page liste les différents chefs d'État centrafricains depuis l'indépendance de la France en 1960. Upon his return to France, Bokassa was stationed at Fréjus, where he taught radio transmissions to African recruits. "[4], During his teenage years, Bokassa studied at École Saint-Louis in Bangui, under Father Grüner. Jean-Arthur Bandio, the minister of interior, suggested Dacko name Bokassa to the Cabinet, which he hoped would both break the colonel's close connections with the CAR army and satisfy the colonel's desire for recognition. [43][44] This soon became a major political scandal known as the Diamonds Affair, which contributed significantly to Giscard's losing his reelection bid in 1981. [35], Muammar al-Gaddafi aided Bokassa. Le président de la république centrafricaine est élu au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours pour un mandat de cinq ans renouvelable une seule fois. Acclamé par ses partisans, le président déchu était exilé depuis 2013. When the defence put up a reasonable doubt during the cross-examination of Dacko that he could not be positively sure if the photographs he had seen were of dead bodies to be used for consumption, Bokassa's former security chief of the palace was called to testify that he had cooked human flesh stored in the walk-in freezers and served it to Bokassa on an occasional basis. France gave him political asylum because of his service in the French military.[35]. [33], In 1971, Bokassa promoted himself to full general, and on 4 March 1972 declared himself president for life. Bokassa then took Dacko to Camp Kassaï, where he forced the president to resign. These aircraft took off from N'Djamena military airport in neighbouring Chad to occupy the capital city as a peace-securing intervention. After Hué bore him a daughter, Bokassa had the child registered as a French national. Polygamy, dowries, and female circumcision were all abolished. Jean-Bédel Bokassa served as a de facto head of state (and also reigned as Emperor from 1976–1979), while David Dacko (who served as de facto head of state from 1979–1981), André Kolingba, Ange-Félix Patassé, and François Bozizé were elected into office at some point during their tenure. By January 1979, French support for Bokassa had all but eroded after food riots in Bangui led to a massacre of civilians. Le président de la république centrafricaine est élu au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours pour un mandat de cinq ans renouvelable une seule fois.
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