[217], One policy being attempted to reduce the deforestation and increase biodiversity in the DRC is the UN-REDD program, which uses emissions trading system so that developed nations can offset their carbon emissions by paying developing nations with rainforest to manage and conserve their forest. [199] The Congo Children Trust's flagship project is Kimbilio,[200] which works to reunite street children in Lubumbashi. The causes of the War of 1812 are still hotly debated to this day but it is believed to have been triggered by a series of incidents in the early 19th century involving British interference in American trade, particularly the impressment of American sailors into the British navy and the meddling of the …. Tremalt had a half share in the Mukondo Mine. Given the situation in the country and the condition of state structures, it is extremely difficult to obtain reliable migration data. These are SAPP (Southern African Power Pool), EAPP (East African Power Pool), CAPP (Central African Power Pool). [60] On 5 November 2013, M23 declared an end to its insurgency. By late 1967 Mobutu had successfully neutralized his political opponents and rivals, either through co-opting them into his regime, arresting them, or rendering them otherwise politically impotent. Data are also lacking on irregular immigrants, however given neighbouring countries' ethnic links to DRC nationals, irregular migration is assumed to be a significant phenomenon. 714 Words Oct 29th, 2011 3 Pages. Some important locations in the War of 1812 include off-the-shore in Nova Scotia in Canada, along the Western and Canadian …. [44] A single-party system was established, and Mobutu declared himself head of state. Rail transportation is provided by the Congo Railroad Company (Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer du Congo) and the Office National des Transports (Congo) (ONATRA) and the Office of the Uele Railways (Office des Chemins de fer des Ueles, CFU). [197][clarification needed][198] There are charities supporting street children such as the Congo Children Trust. Dikembe Mutombo is one of the best African basketball players to ever play the game. This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central basin of the river, which slopes toward the Atlantic Ocean in the west. In a campaign to identify himself with African nationalism, starting on 1 June 1966, Mobutu renamed the nation's cities: Léopoldville became Kinshasa (the country was now Congo-Kinshasa), Stanleyville became Kisangani, Elisabethville became Lubumbashi, and Coquilhatville became Mbandaka. The same Congolese soukous, under the guidance of "le sapeur", Papa Wemba, have set the tone for a generation of young men always dressed up in expensive designer clothes. His report, called the Casement Report, confirmed the accusations of humanitarian abuses. It was first led by Sir Henry Morton Stanley, who undertook his explorations under the sponsorship of King Leopold II of Belgium. According to Yakin Ertürk, the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women who toured eastern Congo in July 2007, violence against women in North and South Kivu included "unimaginable brutality". By 2005, 90% of the DRC's revenues derived from its minerals (Exenberger and Hartmann 2007:10). [113], The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in 2006 expressed concern that in the post-war transition period, the promotion of women's human rights and gender equality is not seen as a priority. According to the World Wildlife Fund, these unique habitats and species make the DRC one of the most valuable yet vulnerable areas in the world for biodiversity, wildlife protection and rainforest sustainability.[214]. [91], The rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo contain great biodiversity, including many rare and endemic species, such as the common chimpanzee and the bonobo, the African forest elephant, the mountain gorilla, the okapi and the white rhino. DR Congo has twice won the African Cup of Nations football tournament. The War of 1812 took place in both the United States and Canada. The river basin (meaning the Congo River and all of its myriad tributaries) occupies nearly the entire country and an area of nearly 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi). In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including DRC, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim ethnic minorities.[133]. [137][138][139] The Congo has 70% of the world's coltan, a third of its cobalt, more than 30% of its diamond reserves, and a tenth of its copper.[140][141]. There are already about 836 solar power systems in the DRC, with a total power of 83 kW, located in Équateur (167), Katanga (159), Nord-Kivu (170), the two Kasaï provinces (170), and Bas-Congo (170). [107], President Joseph Kabila established the Commission of Repression of Economic Crimes upon his ascension to power in 2001. Although some people speak these regional, or trade languages as first languages, most of the population speak them as a second language after their own tribal language. Between 2000 and 2014 the DRC lost an average of 570,000 hectares (0.2%) of rainforest to deforestation per year, with the highest amount of deforestation coming between 2011 and 2014. The final wave of the Bantu expansion was complete by the 10th century, followed by the establishment of the Bantu kingdoms, whose rising populations soon made possible intricate local, regional and foreign commercial networks that traded mostly in slaves, salt, iron and copper. The move would open 21.5% of the Virunga park for exploitation, this is highly criticised by animal rights activists as it would threaten the habitat of mountain gorillas and other endangered species. [34], In May 1960, a growing nationalist movement, the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) led by Patrice Lumumba, won the parliamentary elections. The United Nations mission in the DRC is its largest and most expensive peacekeeping effort, but it shut down five UN bases near Masisi in 2017, after the US led a push to cut costs. On 18 October 1908, the Belgian parliament voted in favour of annexing the Congo as a Belgian colony. In a conference in Madagascar, Tshibanda said that Kabila's government had "consulted election experts" from Congo, the United Nations and elsewhere, and that "it has been decided that the voter registration operation will end on July 31, 2017, and that election will take place in April 2018. [142] Congolese citizens are among the poorest people on Earth. When you purchase this report, you also get the data and the content from these category reports in Congo, Democratic Republic for free: The Travel in Congo, Democratic Republic market research report includes: Our market research reports answer questions such as: This industry report originates from Passport, our. Not only is the northeastern section of the country much more mountainous, but due to the rift's tectonic activity, this area also experiences volcanic activity, occasionally with loss of life. Chronic economic mismanagement, political corruption and internal conflicts have led to long-term under-investment of infrastructure. The FARDC was established in 2003 after the end of the Second Congo War and integrated many former rebel groups into its ranks. Additionally, the country's large mine operations attract migrant workers from Africa and beyond. According to a 2014 OIF report, 33 million Congolese people (47% of the population) could read and write in French. Salonga National Park (1984) and This video is unavailable. Understand []. To put this in perspective, the road distance across the country in any direction is more than 2,500 km (1,600 mi) (e.g. According to the data of the World Food Programme, four in ten people in Congo lack food security and about 15.6 million have been facing hunger crisis. [23], The geographical area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 90,000 years ago, as shown by the 1988 discovery of the Semliki harpoon at Katanda, one of the oldest barbed harpoons ever found, believed to have been used to catch giant river catfish.[24][25]. The name for the Congo state is derived in part from the river. Species loss has been cited as a problem in the DRC, brought about or exacerbated by reasons that include deforestation for mining, wood fuel, infrastructure or agriculture, war, illegal poaching and increased consumption of bush meat due to overpopulation and lack of food security. After the UN and Western governments refused his requests for aid and Lumumba stated that he was open to any country, including the Soviet Union, for assistance in the crisis, the US and Belgium became wary and oversaw his removal from office by Kasa-Vubu on 5 September and ultimate execution by Belgian-led Katangese troops on 17 January 1961. (9 October 2013). Gondola, Ch. Kahuzi-Biega National Park (1980), And those two later give birth to soukous. [160] The Democratic Republic of Congo also possesses 50% of Africa's forests and a river system that could provide hydro-electric power to the entire continent, according to a UN report on the country's strategic significance and its potential role as an economic power in central Africa.[161]. Centred on the Congo Basin, the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago. Find hidden opportunities in the most current research data available, understand competitive threats with our detailed market analysis, and plan your corporate strategy with our expert qualitative analysis and growth projections. The war intensified the impact of such basic problems as an uncertain legal framework, corruption, inflation, and lack of openness in government economic policy and financial operations. Ironically the battle took place after the “Treaty of Ghent “was signed ending the war in Ghent Belgium on December 24, 1814. Primary education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is not free or compulsory,[citation needed] even though the Congolese constitution says it should be (Article 43 of the 2005 Congolese Constitution). The Congolese government also signed an agreement on 15 August 2014 with Air France KLM to develop a business plan so that the Congolese national airline can be launched by the end of the year. [55], In the resulting M23 rebellion, M23 briefly captured the provincial capital of Goma in November 2012. Destabilisation in the east resulting from the 1994 Rwandan genocide and disenfranchisement among the eastern Banyamulenge (Congolese Tutsi) population led to a 1996 invasion led by Tutsi FPR-ruled Rwanda, which began the First Congo War.[2]. On 25 November 1965, Army Chief of Staff Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, who later renamed himself Mobutu Sese Seko, officially came into power through a coup d'état. Travel And Tourism market research database. [148] Smuggling of conflict minerals such as coltan and cassiterite, ores of tantalum and tin, respectively, helped to fuel the war in the Eastern Congo. The new constitution also granted new powers to the provincial governments, creating provincial parliaments which have oversight of the Governor and the head of the provincial government, whom they elect. The 30% who live in urban areas have been the most open to Western influences. [164] The education system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is governed by three government ministries: the Ministère de l'Enseignement Primaire, Secondaire et Professionnel (MEPSP), the Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et Universitaire (MESU) and the Ministère des Affaires Sociales (MAS). info) French: République démocratique du Congo [kɔ̃ɡo]), also known as Congo-Kinshasa, Zaire, DR Congo, DRC (the official acronym), the DROC,[6] or simply the Congo, is a country located in Central Africa. The Belgian parliament exercised legislative authority over the Belgian Congo. "[18] The modern name of the Kongo people, Bakongo was introduced in the early 20th century. Matadi to Lubumbashi, 2,700 km (1,700 mi) by road). [218] Poor governance and low economic conditions have reduced the effectiveness of these protections, especially during war times. World Wide Fund for Nature ecoregions located in the Congo include: World Heritage Sites located in Democratic Republic of Congo are: UN peacekeepers, MONUC, now known as MONUSCO, arrived in April 2001. [178], Over 200 ethnic groups populate the Democratic Republic of the Congo, of which the majority are Bantu peoples. If you purchase a report that is updated in the next 60 days, we will send you the new edition and data extract FREE! [209], Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie writes literature for the between generations of those who grew up in the Congo, during the time when they were colonised, fighting for independence and after. At independence in 1960, DRC was the second-most industrialized country in Africa after South Africa; it boasted a thriving mining sector and a relatively productive agriculture sector. Belgian Congolese forces under the command of Belgian officers notably fought against the Italian colonial army in Ethiopia in Asosa, Bortaï[33] and Saïo under Major-General Auguste-Eduard Gilliaert during the second East African Campaign. A transitional government was set up until after the election. In 1926 the colonial capital moved from Boma to Léopoldville, some 300 kilometres (190 mi) further upstream into the interior. [150][151][152] Gertler and Steinmetz put GEC's 75% share in Komoto Oliveira Virgule (KOV), the project made of up of Tilwezembe and Kananga, along with the Kolwesi concentrator, into Nikanor plc. This area is surrounded by plateaus merging into savannas in the south and southwest, by mountainous terraces in the west, and dense grasslands extending beyond the Congo River in the north. He periodically held elections in which he was the only candidate. For some who cannot afford farmed produce it is a free meal. Co. Congolese troops have been fighting the Kivu conflict in the eastern North Kivu region, the Ituri conflict in the Ituri region, and other rebellions since the Second Congo War. Then the river narrows and falls through a number of cataracts in deep canyons, collectively known as the Livingstone Falls, and runs past Boma into the Atlantic Ocean. News of the abuses began to circulate. Track key industry trends, opportunities and threats. Conditions improved in late 2002, when a large portion of the invading foreign troops withdrew. The Democratic Republic of Congo signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. [70] On 8 December 2017, fourteen UN soldiers and five Congolese regular soldiers were killed in a rebel attack at Semuliki in Beni territory. The Catholic Church said that the official results did not correspond to the information its election monitors had collected. Because of hunting and habitat destruction, the chimpanzee, the bonobo and the gorilla, each of whose populations once numbered in the millions, have now dwindled down to only about 200,000 gorillas, 100,000 chimpanzees and possibly only about 10,000 bonobos. A civil war in the Creek confederation greatly influenced the War of 1812 in the Southeast theater. They allied with the Zairian Armed Forces (FAZ) to launch a campaign against Congolese ethnic Tutsis in eastern Zaire.[52]. Internationally, the country is especially famous for its professional basketball NBA and football players. [184] Although several hundred local languages and dialects are spoken, the linguistic variety is bridged both by widespread use of French and the national intermediary languages Kikongo, Tshiluba, Swahili, and Lingala. The 2006 constitution, also known as the Constitution of the Third Republic, came into effect in February 2006. GB: 239-2559-40 Registered in England No. [135] The Congolese government started negotiating membership in the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA), in 2009. [54] In 2012 Bosco Ntaganda, the leader of the CNDP, and troops loyal to him, mutinied and formed the rebel military March 23 Movement, claiming the government violated the treaty. Rubber sales made a fortune for Leopold, who built several buildings in Brussels and Ostend to honor himself and his country. He would go to the bank with Mobutu's authority and take out ten. Charles Marlow, the narrator, tells his story to friends aboard a boat anchored on the River Thames.This setting provides the frame for Marlow’s story of his obsession with the ivory trader Kurtz, which enables Conrad to … Subscribe to our content! The river flows generally west from Kisangani just below Boyoma Falls, then gradually bends southwest, passing by Mbandaka, joining with the Ubangi River, and running into the Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool). [170] Malaria is also a problem. [citation needed] The aversion of Western powers to communism and leftist ideology influenced their decision to finance Mobutu's quest to neutralize Kasavubu and Lumumba in a coup by proxy. The 2003 transitional constitution[99] had established a parliament with a bicameral legislature, consisting of a Senate and a National Assembly. The Senate had, among other things, the charge of drafting the new constitution of the country. Together, Mongo, Luba and Kongo peoples (Bantu) and Mangbetu-Azande peoples constitute around 45% of the population. A relative explained how the government illicitly collected revenue: "Mobutu would ask one of us to go to the bank and take out a million. Although, data on bush meat use is not extensive, studies estimate 6 million tonnes of animals are taken for bush meat globally each year. This was criticized as these regions are known as opposition strongholds. [71] UN investigations confirmed that aggressor in the December attack. The church owns and manages an extensive network of hospitals, schools, and clinics, as well as many diocesan economic enterprises, including farms, ranches, stores, and artisans' shops. He named it the Congo Free State. [227], Recently the prevalence of hunting for bush meat has declined because of the risk to hunters and butchers from the Ebola virus from specifically ape and bat meat. The Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC) consist of about 144,000 personnel, the majority of whom are part of the land forces, also with a small air force and an even smaller navy. Many authors who have contributed to the success of Congolese literature are now living abroad due to economic and political issues. "From 1990 to 1993, the United States facilitated Mobutu's attempts to hijack political change", one academic wrote, and "also assisted the rebellion of Laurent-Desire Kabila that overthrew the Mobutu regime. [126] In June 2014, Freedom from Torture published reported rape and sexual violence being used routinely by state officials in Congolese prisons as punishment for politically active women. Okapi Wildlife Reserve (1996). It had concurrent authority, however, with the transitional constitution until the inauguration of the elected officials who emerged from the July 2006 elections. ", "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. [50] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union U.S. relations with Mobutu cooled, as he was no longer deemed necessary as a Cold War ally. As of June 2016[update], DR Congo had one major national airline (Congo Airways) that offered flights inside DR Congo. The FARDC is organised on the basis of brigades, which are dispersed throughout the provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Show More. During World War I (1914–1918), an initial stand-off between the Force Publique and the German colonial army in German East Africa (Tanganyika) turned into open warfare with a joint Anglo-Belgian-Portuguese invasion of German colonial territory in 1916 and 1917 during the East African Campaign. Tensions between President Kabila and the Rwandan and Tutsi presence in the country led to the Second Congo War from 1998 to 2003. [98] However, the study indicated that poaching is still an existing problem, with researchers finding 380 snares and park guards continually being ambushed and killed by poachers.[98]. [citation needed]. [63][64], In 2009, The New York Times reported that people in the Congo continued to die at a rate of an estimated 45,000 per month[65] – estimates of the number who have died from the long conflict range from 900,000 to 5,400,000. Due to the presence of undisciplined and poorly trained ex-rebels, as well as a lack of funding and having spent years fighting against different militias, the FARDC suffers from rampant corruption and inefficiency. [105] He was not the first corrupt Congolese leader by any means: "Government as a system of organized theft goes back to King Leopold II," noted Adam Hochschild in 2009. to be again backed by Rwanda as a way to tackle the Hutu group, Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR). The lava poisoned the water of Lake Kivu, killing fish. Other parties that emerged included the Parti Solidaire Africain (PSA) led by Antoine Gizenga, and the Parti National du Peuple (PNP) led by Albert Delvaux and Laurent Mbariko.[35]. Some 100 Banunus fled to Moniende island in the Congo River, and another 16,000 to Makotimpoko District in the Republic of Congo. The country's 81 million inhabitants (2016) are mainly rural. Major tributaries include the Kasai, Sangha, Ubangi, Ruzizi, Aruwimi, and Lulonga. Five of the country's national parks are listed as World Heritage Sites: the Garumba, Kahuzi-Biega, Salonga and Virunga National Parks, and the Okapi Wildlife Reserve. It is, by area, the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa, the second-largest in all of Africa (after Algeria), and the 11th-largest in the world. These authors, along with others, used their platforms to bring awareness to the crises and conflicts that took place in the Congo. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has fewer all-weather paved highways than any country of its population and size in Africa — a total of 2,250 km (1,400 mi), of which only 1,226 km (762 mi) is in good condition (see below). As a result, the government has been focusing on the maintenance of peace and the economy, thus paying less attention to the development of tourism. The agreements signed at the end of the Second Congo War called for a new "national, restructured and integrated" army that would be made up of Kabila's government forces (the FAC), the RCD, and the MLC. A coalition of Rwandan and Ugandan armies invaded Zaire to overthrow the government of Mobutu, and ultimately to control the mineral resources of Zaire,[citation needed] launching the First Congo War. However, conversely conflict reduced deforestation for large scale mining due to security instability. In April 2011, through aid from Global Alliance for Vaccines, a new vaccine to prevent pneumococcal disease was introduced around Kinshasa. Angolan, Zimbabwean, and Namibian militaries entered the hostilities on the side of the government. [136], The Democratic Republic of Congo is widely considered one of the world's richest countries in natural resources; its untapped deposits of raw minerals are estimated to be worth in excess of US$24 trillion. Kimbanguism was seen as a threat to the colonial regime and was banned by the Belgians. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons", "World Bank Pledges $1 Billion to Democratic Republic of Congo", "OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa", "Congo with $24 Trillion in Mineral Wealth BUT still Poor", "Mining Companies Could See Big Profits in Congo", "The Dark Side of Globalization.
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